DNA can't explain all biological traits, experts say
"Our finding settles the idea that inherited traits can be epigenetic, meaning that they are not solely down to changes in a gene’s DNA".
Characteristics passed between generations are not just decided by DNA, but can be carried by other material in cells, according to research by the University of Edinburgh.
Scientists studied proteins found in cells known as histones. Although not part of the genetic code, histones act as spools around which DNA is wrapped and are known to control whether or not genes are switched on.
They discovered that naturally occurring changes to histones, which affect how they control genes, can be carried from one generation to the next, and therefore influence which traits are passed on.
The finding reveals for the first time that DNA is not solely responsible for how characteristics are inherited. It paves the way for research into how and when this method of inheritance occurs in nature, and if it is linked to certain traits or health conditions.
The researchers say that it could also inform research into whether changes to the histone proteins that are caused by environmental conditions, such as diet or stress, can influence the function of genes which are passed on.
The study, published in the journal Science, confirms a long-held expectation that genes could be controlled across generations by such changes. However, researchers say that it remains to be seen how common the process is.
Professor Robin Allshire, lead author of the study, said: “We’ve shown without doubt that changes in the histone spools that make up chromosomes can be copied and passed through generations. Our finding settles the idea that inherited traits can be epigenetic, meaning that they are not solely down to changes in a gene’s DNA.”
The BSAVA has opened submissions for the BSAVA Clinical Research Abstracts 2026.
